Tuesday, August 26, 2014

Bacteria


What is bacteria?

constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft. There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and methane to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, the deepest spot on the Earth. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1900 feet below the sea floor under 8500 feet of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States.According to one of the researchers,"You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are
Most bacteria have not been characterized, and only about half of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.
There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human floragut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector,biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals. as well as in as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the
Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-boundorganelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolvedevolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea. from an ancient common ancestor.






 What are the different types of bacteria?

 

5 Types of Harmful Bacteria

Bacteria Type
                                Description

Streptococcus Pyogenes
     
    Streptococcus Pyogenes is the causative agent of    mild sore throat and skin infections that may worsen in   certain situations to lead to life threatening infections like toxic shock syndrome and septicemia (when bacteria gain access to the blood stream). It is classified as gram positive coccus that grows mainly in chains.

Escherichia Coli

E- Coli is a gram negative bacillis as discussed previously and is considered as a causative agent of traveler’s diarrhea; however some pathogenic strains can also lead to bloody diarrhea and circulatory shock.

Vibrio Cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera and is associated with intake of improperly cooked food or poor sanitary conditions. Vibrio Cholerae is linked to hundreds and thousands of deaths worldwide (mostly in under- developed countries) due to cholera outbreak.

Enteritis Salmonella

The most common causative agent of food poisoning throughout the world is Enteritis salmonella and can lead to serious and life threatening food poisoning, diarrhea, circulatory shock and dehydration in children. Infection can be controlled by timely intake of proper antibiotics and circulatory support.

Salmonella Typhi

Salmonella Typhi is a gram negative organism that is the causative agent of typhoid fever. It is associated with a high mortality rate after initial infection and characterized by blood diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, fever and may lead to death if proper treatment is not instituted at the right time.

5 Types of Beneficial Bacteria

Not all the bacteria are bad for human survival. Our body is loaded with hundreds and thousands of bacteria that serve to colonize our body in order to prevent overgrowth of pathogenic elements. In addition these bacteria also serve a variety of functions. Examples of beneficial bacteria are:

Bacteria Type

                          Description

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Lactobacillus acidophilus exists in different parts of human body like intestine, vagina and oral cavity. It is responsible for slightly acidic pH of vagina that is helpful in preventing overgrowth of other microorganisms. In addition it is also known to boost immunity.
Due to its beneficial properties, it is used in a variety of dietary products like tempeh, yogurt, miso and probiotics supplements.

Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis occurs independently in the environment around us and was first used by Nazi army to manage diarrheal illness. It helps in normalizing gut motility and metabolic functioning.
It is fortified in products like yogurt, cheese, milk, ice cream and fermented soybeans.

Bifidobacterium animalis

Bifidobacterium animalis is found in the intestine of animals and humans as a normal commensal that aid in digestive process. In addition it can also be consumed in supplemental doses to improve the symptoms of constipation or irritable bowel syndrome.

Streptococcus thermophilus

Streptococcus thermophilus is classified under coccus and it has the ability to withstand a temperature of about 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Streptococcus thermophilus strengthen immunity and improves the functioning of gut. It can be obtained from cheese and other dairy products.

Lactobacillus reuteri

Lactobacillus reuteri is one of the probiotics agents that are present in maternal breast milk and becomes a permanent part of gut flora. It is also present in dietary sources like yogurt and cheese.

Types of Bacteria According to Gram Staining

Since bacterial organisms are so minute, it is impossible to view the organisms without compound microscope. In order to visualize the cellular components and to differentiate bacteria from other microbial agents, staining techniques are used by scientists to categorize different bacteria.
Gram staining is a special method that involves dying the outer covering of the bacterial cell wall that prevents it from physical and environmental trauma. On the basis of gram staining, bacteria are widely classified as gram positive (bacteria with the cell wall) and gram negative (bacteria without cell- wall).
There are a number of structural and functional variations in the bacteria of one group that helps in adapting these bacterial agents to survive in one environment where other bacteria cannot.

Bacteria Type
                                     
                                   Description

Coccus

Coccus is rounded or spherical in shape and may occur in chains or clusters. These occurs abundantely in the environment and also as normal commensal on the human body (in nostrils, skin, oral cavity and genitals).
If these pathogens grow excessively, diseases like impetigo, food poisoning and tonsillitis may occur
Examples are: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes

Bacillus

Bacilli are rod shaped and may be gram positive or negative on staining. Most popular species are salmonella (the causative agent of typhoid) and E- Col (causative agent for hemorrhagic diarrhea). Gram negative as well as gram positive bacilli are well known causative agents for gastroenterological, pulmonary and cutaneous infections.

Rickettsia

Rickettsia is considered unique bacteria since it is incapable of surviving outside living organisms. Due to unstable morphological features, it is transmitted by different vector sources like ticks, fleas and mites to cause life threatening infectious diseases like Rocky mountain spotted fever and typhus.

Mycoplasma

All bacteria are characterized by a cell wall outside cell-membrane; however, mycoplasma is unique as it lacks a cell wall that is also considered a protective mechanism that makes it easier for bacteria to evade antibiotic therapies. It is causative agent for life threatening pulmonary infections and some strains may cause pelvic disease.

Spirillum


Spirillum is different from other bacterial agents as it is cork-screw shaped. It includes causative agent of Lyme’s disease (transmitted by tick bites) and syphilis.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Monday, July 29, 2013

Earthquake

I learned that an earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic wave. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

What we did in our class: We discuss the causes of earthquake. We also talked about the preparedness before, during and after an earthquake. We also do a earthquake drill.

I can apply my learning in case that an earthquake occur. I know already what to do before during and after an earthquake. I can also use it to thought others what to do if an earthquake occur, I will also teach them about the survival kit.

I need to learn more about the other instrument that used in detecting an earthquake except in seismograph.




effect of an earthquake

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

I learned that the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), known by sailors as the doldrums, is the area encircling the earth near the equator where the northeast and southeast trade winds come together.I also learned that the ITCZ appears as a band of clouds, usually thunderstorms, that circle the globe near the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds move in a southwestern direction from the northeast, while in the Southern Hemisphere, they move northwestward from the southeast.

What i did in our class: we talk about ITCZ

I can apply my learning in many ways. I can use or apply this in our daily life, like now there is an ITCZ in our country if you know what it is you can understands the forecasters. I can use it also in our lesson in higher grades.

I need to learn more about the hazards if there is an ITCZ.





Tropical depression

 I learned that once a group of thunderstorms has come together under the right atmospheric conditions for a long enough time, they may organize into a tropical depression. Winds near the center are constantly between 20 and 34 knots (23 - 39 mph) 
  
What I did in our class: we define the tropical depression.

I can apply my learning about tropical depression in our lesson in next grade. I can also apply this in my daily life if there is a tropical depression I know already the winds in the center.

I need to learn more about the other classification of tropical cyclones.







Tuesday, July 2, 2013

Energy Conservation Measures

My energy conservation measures are; unplugging appliances when it is not used for example unplug the tv when there is no watching, unplug the charger of your cellphone when it is already full, before you sleep at night if you have air conditioner timer it and turn off the light when you will leave.

What I learned is to saved energy for the future of the mother earth. When you saved energy not only the environment will affect but also us if we saved energy we can also saved money.

What I did is to saved energy for the environment and to saved the earths natural resources.

I can apply my learning in saving energy in my daily life especially at school and home. We can also apply this in conserving the natural resources.

I need to learn more about the different kinds of energy, and how its produced.

 



Turn off the light when leaving
Unplug the appliances when it is not use



Wednesday, June 26, 2013

Rain Gauge Data

Saturday
Date: June 15,2013
Weather: warm
Humidity: 86%
Sunrise: 5:27 a.m.
Sunset: 6:26 p.m.
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph
Rain Gauge Data:

Sunday
Date: June 16,2013
Weather: warm
Humidity: 65%
Sunrise: 5:27 a.m.
Sunset: 6:26 p.m.
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph
Rain Gauge Data:

Monday
Date: June 17,2013
Weather: rainshowers and thunderstorms
Humidity: 80%
Sunrise: 5:27 a.m.
Sunset: 6:26 p.m.
Source:
Rain Gauge Data: 

Tuesday
Date: June 18,2013
Weather: storm partly hot
Humidity: 67%

Sunrise: 5:27 a.m.
Sunset: 6:27 p.m.
Source: www.timeanddate
Rain Gauge Data: 15.1 mm. 

Wednesday
Date: June 19,2013
Weather: thunderstorms
Humidity: 67%

Sunrise: 5:25 a.m.
Sunset: 6:27 p.m
Source: www.timeanddate
Rain Gauge Data: 4.4 mm. 

Thursday
Date: June 20,2013
Weather: heavy rain
Humidity: 88%

Sunrise: 5:28 a.m.
Sunset: 6:27 p.m
Source: www.timeanddate
Rain Gauge Data: 50.2 mm. 

Friday
Date: June 21,2013
Weather: mostly cloudy

Humidity: 82%

Sunrise: 5:28 a.m.
Sunset: 6:27 p.m
Source: www.timeanddate
Rain Gauge Data: 17.2 mm. 

Saturday
Date: June 22,2013
Weather: rainy
Humidity: 79%

Sunrise: 5:28 a.m.
Sunset: 6:27 p.m
Source: www.timeanddate
Rain Gauge Data:





Tuesday, June 11, 2013

Rainfall Monitoring

 What I learned in our lesson in Computer Science are the following; I learned how to measure and read the rainfall using the manual rain gauge, I also learned the two (2) types of rain gauge the manual and digital rain gauge, I also learned the parts of the manual rain gauge the funnel, inner tube and outer tube.

What I did in our class are the following; I record the rain gauge everyday on my notebook I get the rain gauge in www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph, I also search the meaning of rain gauge and the diff. devices that used in recording rainfall like rain gauge and satelite.

I can apply my learnings in my daily life especially if there is an bad weather like typhoon and storm in our country, I can also apply my learning in studying in the higher grade.

I need to learn more about the different ways on how to measure the rainfall exept from rain gauge and satelite.

 1.RAIN GAUGE-instrument used to measured the amount of presipitation
     
     Manual Rain gauge
is a type of instrument used by meteorologist and hydrologist to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time
                                                 Parts of a Manual Rain gauge


 




                                                                         Funnel->


                                                   
                                                                          Inner Tube ->  
                                  
                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                     Outer tube





 -Digital Rain gauge








2. Satelite
 




PAG-ASA- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration


Wednesday
Date: June 5, 2013
Weather: partly cloudy
Humidity: 63%
Sunrise: 5:25 a.m.
Sunset: 6:23 p.m.
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

Thursday
Date: June 6, 2013
Weather: partly cloudy skies
Humidity: max. 91%, min. 52%
Sunrise: 5:26 a.m.
Sunset:  6:23 p.m
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

Friday
Date: June 7, 2013
Weather: cloudy skies w/ rains
Humidity: max. 93%, min. 58%
Sunrise: 5:26 a.m.
Sunset: 6:24 p.m.
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph
Saturday
Date: June 8, 2013
Weather: cloudy skies w/ rainshowers
Humidity: max. 96%, min.60%
Sunrise: 5:26 a.m.
Sunset: 6:24 p.m
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

Sunday
Date: June 9, 2013
Weather: rainy
Humidity: max. 100%, min. 65%
Sunrise: 5:26 a.m.
Sunset: 6:24 p.m
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

Monday
Date: June 10, 2013
Weather: rainy
Humidity: max. 98%, min. 65%
Sunrise: 5:26 a.m.
Sunset: 6:24 p.m
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

Tuesday
Date: June 11, 2013
Weather: cloudy w/rains
Humidity: max. 100%, min. 60%
Sunrise: 5:26 a.m.
Sunset: 6:25 p.m
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

Wednesday
Date: June 12, 2013
Weather: cloudy w/ rainshowers and thunderstorms
Humidity: max. 96%, min. 65%
Sunrise: 5:26 a.m.
Sunset: 6:25 p.m
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

Thursday
Date: June 13, 2013
Weather: cloudy w/ rainshowers and thunderstorms
Humidity: max. 99%, min. 63%
Sunrise: 5:26 a.m.
Sunset: 6:25 p.m
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph

Friday
Date: June 14, 2013
Weather: Cloudy with rainshowers or thunderstorms
Humidity: max. 98%, min. 74%
Sunrise: 5:27 a.m.
Sunset: 6:26 p.m
Source: www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph